Efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum Seed Treatment and Ridomil^® Application in Managing Late Blight on Potato

Kilonzi Jackson Mutuku^{1, 2,} , Mafurah Juma Joseph^1, , Nyongesa Moses Wabomba² and Kibe Antony Mwangi¹

¹Egerton university, Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil, P.O Box 536-20115, Njoro

²Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Tigoni, P.O Box 338-00217, Limuru

Cite this paper

Kilonzi Jackson Mutuku, Mafurah Juma Joseph, Nyongesa Moses Wabomba and Kibe Antony Mwangi. Efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum Seed Treatment and Ridomil^® Application in Managing Late Blight on Potato. World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2021; 9(2):42-52. doi: 10.12691/WJAR-9-2-1

Abstract

Potato seed tubers latently infected with Phytophthora infestans initiate late blight that requires early fungicide application raising economic and human concerns. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum seed treatment and Ridomil^® (Metalaxyl 4% and Mancozeb 64%) application to manage late blight. Ridomil^® was applied at 21-, 14- and 7-day intervals on seed tuber and apical cuttings pre-treated with T. asperellum at 33 % (3 × 10⁶), 66% (7 × 10⁶) and 100% (1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL) concentration by either dipping or injection. Results revealed that 7- and 14-day spray intervals were not significantly different (P=0.05) in terms of yield and late blight severity. Rooted apical cuttings had 7.4% higher disease severity resulting in 2.3% lower yield than crop from seed tubers. T. asperellum at 66% and 100% concentrations reduced disease severity by 26% and 27% respectively. Pericardial injection had 8.3% higher yield and conversely 7.8% higher disease severity than dipping. The combination of T. asperellum at 66% concentration with a 14-day spray interval provided better late blight management. The results suggest that seed treatment by dipping using 66% T. asperellum suspension could increase fungicide application interval by 7 days while improving on yield.

Keywords

Trichoderma asperellum, apical cuttings, Ridomil^® (Metalaxyl 4% and Mancozeb 64%), Phytophthora infestans, dipping, injection

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]	King J.C., Slavin, J.L. White potatoes , human health , and dietary guidance. Adv. Food Nutr. 2013, 4 (3): 393-401.
[2]	Osti, A., Van Land, J., Magwegwe, D., Peereboom, A., Van Oord, J., Dusart, T. The future of youth in agricultural value chains in Ethiopia and Kenya Report. CIP report, International Potato Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 2015.
[3]	Gildemacher, P.R. Innovation in seed potato systems in Eastern Africa. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands, 2012.
[4]	Vleeshouwers, V. G., Raffaele, S., Vossen, J.H., Champouret, N., Oliva, R., Segretin, M.E., Cano, L.M. Understanding and exploiting late blight resistance in the age of understanding and exploiting late blight resistance in the age of effectors. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2011, 49: 507-531, 2011.
[5]	William, F. Phytophthora infestans: The plant (and R gene) destroyer. Mol Plant Pathol. 2008, 9(3): 385-402.
[6]	Liljeroth, E., Lankinen, Å., Wiik, L., Burra, D.D., Alexandersson, E., Andreasson, E. Potassium phosphite combined with reduced doses of fungicides provides efficient protection against potato late blight in large-scale field trials. Crop Prot. 2016, 86: 42-55.
[7]	Rekanović, E., Potočnik, I., Milijašević-marčić, S., Stepanović, M. Sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de bary isolates to Fluazinam, Fosetyl-Al and Propamocarb-hydrochloride. Pestic. Phytomed. 2011, 26(2): 111-116, 2011.
[8]	Gildemacher, P.R., Schulte-geldermann, E., Borus, D. Seed potato quality improvement through positive selection by smallholder farmers in Kenya. Potato Res. 2011, 54: 253-266.
[9]	Lambert, D.H., Currier, A.I. Differences in tuber rot development for North American clones of Phytophthora infestans Am. J. Potato Res. 1997, 74(207): 39-43.
[10]	Cooke, L.R., Schepers, H.T., Hermansen. A., Bain, R.A., Bradshaw, N.J, Ritchie, F., Nielsen, B.J. Epidemiology and integrated control of potato late blight in Europe. Potato Res. 2011, 54(2): 183-222.
[11]	Leesutthiphonchai, W., Vu, A.L., Ah-fong, A.M., Judelson, H.S. How does Phytophthora infestans evade control efforts? Modern insight into the late blight disease Phytopathology. 2018, 108(8): 916-924.
[12]	Zwankhuizen, M.J., Govers, F., Zadoks, J.C. Inoculum sources and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans in Southern Flevoland, the Netherlands Eur. J. palnt Pathol. 2000, 106: 667-680.
[13]	Kaur, A., Reddy, M.S., Kumar, A. Efficient, one step and cultivar independent shoot organogenesis of potato Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants. 2017, 23(2): 461-469.
[14]	Inglis DA, State W, Unit E, Route S. 1999. Effect of registered potato seed piece fungicides on tuber-borne Phytophthora infestans. Plant Dis. 1999, 83(3): 229-234.
[15]	Champouret, N., Rietman, H., Lin, X., Wouter, D., Chu, Z., Jones, J.D., Vleeshouwers, V.G. Stud. Mycol. 2018, 89: 105-115.
[16]	Thomas-sharma, S., Abdurahman, A., Ali, S., Andrade-piedra, J.L., Bao, S. Seed degeneration in potato: the need for an integrated seed health strategy to mitigate the problem in developing countries,” Plant Pathol. 2016, 65: 3-16, 2016.
[17]	Chen, L., Zhang, J., Shao, X., Wang, S., Miao, Q., Zhai, Y., Miao, Q. Impact of seed cutting and seed-borne inoculum on daughter tuber common scab and plant growth. Am. J. Potato Res. 2017, 95(2): 191-198.
[18]	Yilmaz, G., Multiplication of seed mini tubers from in vitro potato plantlets,” J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2017, 11(3): 39-41, 2017.
[19]	Gildemacher, P.R., Demo, P., Barker, I., Kaguongo, W., Struik, P.C. Improving potato production in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia: A system diagnosis,” Potato Res. 2009, 52(2): 173-205.
[20]	Muthoni, J., Mbiyu, M., Kabira, J.N. Up-scaling production of certified potato seed tubers in Kenya: Potential of aeroponics technology. J. Hortic. For. 2011, 3(8): 238-243, 2011.
[21]	Yao, Y., Li, Y., Chen, Z., Zheng, B., Zhang, L., Niu, B., Wang, Q. Biological control of potato late blight using isolates of Trichoderma. Am. J. Potato Res. 2016, 93(1): 33-42.
[22]	Pacilly, F. Social-ecological modelling of potato late blight Managing crop resistance in disease control. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands, 2018.
[23]	Ravensberg, W.J., Urbaneja, A. Biological control using invertebrates and microorganisms: plenty of new opportunities,” BioControl. 2018, 63: 39-59, 2018.
[24]	Howell, C. R. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: The history and evolution of current concepts. Plant Dis. 2007, 87(1): 4-10.
[25]	Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., Lorito, M., Pathology, P. Trichoderma species — opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2004, 2(1): 43-56.
[26]	Sharma, V., Salwan, R., Sharma, P.N., Kanwar, S.S. Elucidation of biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against different plant fungal pathogens: Universal yet host specific response. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 95: 72-79.
[27]	Wu, Q., Sun, R., Ni, M., Yu, J., Li, Y., Yu, C. Identification of a novel fungus, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009, and comprehensive evaluation of its biocontrol efficacy. PLoS One. 2017, 12(6): 1-20, 2017.
[28]	Kerroum, F., Noureddine, K., Henni, J.E., Mabrouk, K. Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum against Phytophthora infestans in the North-west of Algeria. Int. J. Agron. Agric. Res. 2015, 6(4): 44-53.
[29]	Chaouch, K. 2016. Inhibitory activity of Trichoderma viride against Phytophthora infestans that affects the Spunta potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) variety. African J. Microbiol. Res. 2016, 10(29): 1121-1127.
[30]	Guzmán-guzmán, P., Alemán-duarte, M.I., Delaye, L., Herrera-Estrella, A. Identification of effector-like proteins in Trichoderma spp. and role of a hydrophobin in the plant-fungus interaction and mycoparasitism, BMC Genet. 2017, 18(16): 1-20.
[31]	Lal, M., Yadav, S., Sharma, S., Singh, B.P., Kaushik, S.K. Integrated management of late blight of potato. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 2017, 9(3): 1821-1824.
[32]	Andrew H, Trevor W, Kent D, Doug W. Effect of fungicide use strategies on the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and potato yield. Australas. Plant Pathol. 2010, 39: 368-375.
[33]	Forbes, G. A. Manual for Laboratory Work on Phytophthora infestans. International Potato Centre (CIP), Lima, Peru CIP Training Manual, 1997.
[34]	Nyongesa, M. Elucidating the impact of novel A1 and A2 Phytophthora infestans strains on existing Irish blight populations,” PhD Thesis, pp. 1-260, University of Bangor, China, 2014.
[35]	Wang, H., Qi, M., Cutler, A.J. A simple method of preparing. Nucleic Acid Res. 1993, 21(17): 4153-4154.
[36]	Yuen, J.E., Forbes, G.A. Estimating the level of susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans in potato genotypes. Phytopathology. 2009, 99: 782-786.
[37]	Tsoka, O., Demo, P., Nyende, A., Ngamau, K. Potato seed tuber production from in vitro and apical stem cutting under aeroponic system. African J. Biotechnol. 2012, 11(63): 12612-12618.
[38]	Ismail, Y., Mccormick, S., Hijri, M. The arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus irregulare, controls the mycotoxin production of Fusarium sambucinum in the pathogenesis of potato. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2013, 348: 46-51.
[39]	Seifu, Y.W. Reducing severity of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and improving potato (Solanum tuberosum L .) tuber yield with pre-harvest application of calcium nutrients. Agronomy, 2017, 69(7): 1-11.
[40]	Gigot, J.A., Gundersen, B., Inglis, A. Colonization and sporulation of Phytophthora infestans on volunteer potatoes under western Washington conditions. Am. J. Potato Res. 2009, 86(1): 1-14.
[41]	Johnson, D.A., Cummings, T.F. A plant stem inoculation assay for assessing transmission of Phytophthora infestans from potato seed tubers to emerged shoots. Plant Dis. 2013, 97(2): 183-188.
[42]	Wharton, P.S., Kirk, W.W., Schafer, R.L., Tumbalam, P. Evaluation of biological seed treatments in combination with management practices for the control of seed-borne late blight in potato. Biol. Control 63: 326-332.
[43]	Naglot, A., Goswami, S., Rahman, I., Shrimali, D.D., Yadav, K.K., Gupta, V.K., Veer, V. Antagonistic potential of native Trichoderma viride strain against potent tea fungal pathogens in north east India. Plant Pathol. J. 2015, 31(3): 278-289.
[44]	Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Marra, R., Woo, S.L., Lorito, M. Trichoderma – plant – pathogen interactions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2008, 40: 1-10.
[45]	Fontenelle, A.D., Guzzo, S.D., Lucon, C., Harakava, R. Growth promotion and induction of resistance in tomato plant against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Alternaria solani by Trichoderma spp. Crop Prot. 2011, 30: 1492-1500.
[46]	Sundaramoorthy, S., Balabaskar, P. Biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma spp. against wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f .sp . lycopersici,” J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol. 2013, 1(03): 36-40.
[47]	Blauer, J.M., Knowles, L.O., Knowles, N.R. Manipulating stem number, tuber set and size distribution in specialty potato cultivars. Am. J. Plant Sci. 2013, 90(5): 470-496.
[48]	López-bucio, J., Pelagio-flores, R., Herrera-Estrella, A. Trichoderma as biostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungus. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 196: 109-123.
[49]	Chen, L., Zhang, J., Shao, X., Wang, S., Miao, Q., Zhai, Y., Miao, Q. Development and evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum preparation for control of sheath blight of rice (Oryza sativa L .). Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 2015, 25(3): 316-328.
[50]	Bahramisharif, A., Rose, L.E. Efficacy of biological agents and compost on growth and resistance of tomatoes to late blight. Planta. 2019, 249(3): 799-813.
[51]	Shoresh, M., Harma, G.E., Mastouri, F. Induced systemic resistance and plant responses to fungal biocontrol agents. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2010, 48: 21-43.
[52]	Paparu, P., Katafiire, M., Mcharo, M., Ugen, M. Evaluation of fungicide application rates, spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda. Int. J. Pest Manag. 2014, 60(1): 82-89.
[53]	Evenhuis, A., Bain, R., Hausladen, H., Nielsen, B.J. Fungicide evaluation to rate efficacy to control leaf late blight for the EuroBlight table,” Wageningen University and Research, P-AGV, The Netherlands, 2017.
[54]	Rojas, J.A., Kirk, W.W., Gachango, E., Douches, D.S., Hanson, L.E. Tuber blight development in potato cultivars in response to different genotypes of Phytophthora infestans. J. Phytopathol. 2013, 8(1): 33-42.
[55]	Sharma, P., Saikia, M.K. Management of late blight of potato through chemicals,” IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 2013, 2(2): 23-26.
[56]	Aparecida, M., Moura, K., De, M., De, S., Patricio, R. Compatibility of Trichoderma isolates with pesticides used in lettuce crop. Summa Phytopathol. 2018, 2(28): 137-142.
[57]	Flier, W.G., Turkensteen, L.J., Bosch, G.B., Van, D., Vereijken, P.F. Differential interaction of Phytophthora infestans on tubers of potato cultivars with different levels of blight resistance. Plant Pathol. 2001, 50: 292-301.
[58]	Whisson, S.C., Boevink, P., Wang, S., Birch, P.R. The cell biology of late blight disease. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2016, 34: 127-135.
[59]	Aydın, M.H. Evaluation of some Trichoderma species in biological control of potato dry rot caused by Fusarium sambucinum fuckel isolates. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2019, 17(1): 533-546, 2019.