Ronald Orare Nyamwamu. Implications of Human-Wildlife Conflict on Food Security among Smallholder Agro-Pastoralists: A Case of Smallholder Maize (
) Farmers in Laikipia County, Kenya.
. 2016; 4(2):43-48. doi: 10.12691/WJAR-4-2-2
food security, human-wildlife conflict, implications, smallholder agro-pastoralists, smallholder maize farmers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
[1] | Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa. (2013). Africa Agriculture Status Report: Focus on Staple Crops. Nairobi, Kenya: AGRA. |
|
[2] | Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa. (2014). Africa Agriculture Status Report: Climate Change and Smallholder Agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa. Nairobi, Kenya. www.agra.or |
|
[3] | Anderson, J. L. & Parieda, F. (2005). Strategies to Mitigate Human-Wildlife Conflicts-Mozambique Wildlife Management. Working Paper no. 8. Rome, Italy: FAO. |
|
[4] | Baffoe-Asarel, R., Danqua, A. J. & Annor-Frempong, F. (2013). Socio-economic Factors Influencing Adoption of Codapec and Cocoa High-tech Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Central Region of Ghana. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 3 (2): 271-292. SCIENCEDOMAIN International. Available at www.sciencedomain.org |
|
[5] | Bruinsma, J. (2009). Resource Outlook to 2050: By how much do land, water and crop yields need to increase by 2050? Paper Presented at the FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, Rome: FAO. |
|
[6] | Dadonie, J., Zagminas, K. & Berzanskyte, A. (2013). Introduction to Research Methodology. Vilnus University. Retrieved from http://www.vu.lt/site.../Introduction_methodology_2013.pdf on 22/8/2014. |
|
[7] | Eniang, E. A., Ijeomah, H. M., Okeyoyin, G. & Uwatt, A. E. (2011). Assessment of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Filinga Range of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Publication of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, PAT, 7 (1), 15-35. Retrieved from http://www.patnsukjournal.net/currentissueon 16th November 2014. |
|
[8] | Eyebe, A. J., Dkamela, G. P. & Endomana, D. (2012). Overview of Human-Wildlife Conflict in Cameroon. Poverty and Conservation Learning Group Discussion Paper No. 05. |
|
[9] | Fairtrade. (2013). A Fairtrade International Report: Powering up Smallholder Farmers to make Food Fair: A Five-Point Agenda. |
|
[10] | Food Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2009). Human Wildlife Conflict in Africa-Causes, Consequences and Management Strategies. FAO Forestry paper 157. Rome, Italy: FAO. |
|
[11] | FAO (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011: Women in agriculture. FAO, Rome. Retrieved from http://www.feedtheFuture.gov/...Clinton%20women%20 and the agriculture report…pdf on 10/11/2012. |
|
[12] | Fre, Z. & Tesfagergis. (2013). Economic Contribution of Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Production to Food Security and Livelihoods in Africa: The Case of Eastern Sudan, Eritrea and Western Ethiopia in the horn of Africa. Ethiopia. e-journal for Research and Innovation Foresight, 5 (2), 14-31. |
|
[13] | GoK. (2010). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) 2010–2020. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer. |
|
[14] | GoK. (2012). National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy (NASEP). Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer. |
|
[15] | Government of Kenya. (2013). Laikipia County: First County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017. Nanyuki, Kenya: Government Printer. |
|
[16] | Graham, M. D, Notter, B., Adams, W. M., Lee, P. C. & Ochieng, T. N. (2010). Patterns of Crop-Raiding by Elephants, Loxodonta Africana, in Laikipia, Kenya, and the Management of Human-Elephant Conflict, Systematics and Biodiversity, 8:4, 435-445. |
|
[17] | Gregory, T. & Sewando, P. (2013). Determinants of the probability of adopting of quality protein maize technology in Tanzania. A Logistic Regression Analysis. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2 (2), in Press. |
|
[18] | Gupta, A. C. (2013). Elephants, Safety Nets and Agrarian Culture: Understanding Human-Wildlife Conflict and Rural Livelihoods around Chobe National Park, Botswana. Journal of Political Ecology, 20. |
|
[19] | Hockings, K. & Humle, T. (2009). Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Mitigation of Conflict between Humans and Great Apes. Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. |
|
[20] | Holland, D., Liadze, I., Rienzo, C. & Wilkinson, D. (2013). The Relationship between graduates and economic growth across Countries. BIS Research Paper No. 110. National Institute of Economic and Social Research. Crown Copyright. Available at www. gov.uk.bis. |
|
[21] | International Fund for Agricultural Development & United Nations Enviromental Programme (2013). Smallholder, Food Security, and the Environment. IFAD, Rome, Italy. Available at www.ifad.org. |
|
[22] | International Labour Office, Geneva (2010). A Skilled Workforce for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth. G. 20 Training Strategy. |
|
[23] | Kabanyoro, R., Kabiri, S., Mugisa, I., Nakyagaba, W., Nasirumbi, L., Kituuka, G., Kyampeire, B., Nampera, M., Namirimu, T. & Fungo, B. (2013). Willingness of Farmers to Adopt Rice Intercrops in the Lake Victoria Crescent Agro-ecological Zone of Uganda. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. www.iiste.org.ISSN 2224-3208 (paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online), 3 (6). |
|
[24] | Karidozo, M. & Osborn, F. V. (2007). Human-Elephant Conflict Trials in Zimbabwe: Can bees deter Elephants from Raiding Crops? In: Walpole, M. & Linkie, M. (eds). Proceedings of a Symposium on Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict: Case Studies from Africa and Asia. Cambridge, UK. Pp.29-36. |
|
[25] | Kate, K. (2012). Possible Strategies/Practices in Reducing Wild Animal (Primate). Crop Raids in Unprotected Areas in Hoima, District, Uganda. |
|
[26] | Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2010). The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume 1A. Population Distribution by Administrative Units. Nairobi; Kenya: Government printer. |
|
[27] | King, L. E., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Fritz Vollrath, F. (2011). Bee Hive Fences are Effective Deterrents for Crop Raiding Elephants. Field Trials in Northern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 49 (4), 431-439. |
|
[28] | Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, KIPPRA (2009). Kenya Economic Report 2009.KIPPRA. Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved from http:/ www.kippra.org on 22/7/2012. |
|
[29] | Kiura, L. (2011). Women in Agriculture. Retrieved from http://icar.org .in /.../12- women %20IN %AGRI...PPT on 15/11/2012. |
|
[30] | Laikipia Wildlife Forum. (2012). A Wildlife Conservation Strategy for Laikipia County (2012-2030). First Edition. Nanyuki, Kenya. Retrieved from http://www.laikipia.org. |
|
[31] | Lamarque, F., Anderson, J., Ferguson, R., Lagrange, M., Osei-Owusu, Y. & Bakker, L. (2009). Human-wildlife Conflict in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Management Strategies. FAO, Forestry Paper 157. Rome, Italy: FAO. |
|
[32] | Lung’aho, C., Nderitu, S. K. N., Kabira, J. N., El-Bedewy, R., Olanya, O. M. & Walingo, A. (2006). Yield Performance and Release of Four Late Blight Tolerant Potato Varieties in Kenya. Journal of Agronomy, 5: 57-61. |
|
[33] | Makindi, S. M., Mutinda, M. N., Olekaikai, N. K. W., Olelebo, W. L. & Aboud, A. A. (2014). Human-wildlife Conflicts: Causes and Mitigation Measures in Tsavo Conservation Area, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3, (6). Online: 2319-7064). |
|
[34] | Maximilian, D. G., William, M. A. & Kahiro, N. G. (2011). Mobile Phone Communication in Effective Human Elephant-Conflict Management in Laikipia County. Nanyuki, Kenya. International Oryx; the International Journal of Conservation. |
|
[35] | Ministry of Forestry & Wildlife. (2012). The National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy, 2012. Nairobi, Kenya. Author. |
|
[36] | Musimbi, M. (2013). Factors Influencing Human-wildlife Conflict in Communities around the Park: A Case of Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. Masters’ thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya. |
|
[37] | Muriu, A. R., Kenya, Inistitute of Economic Affairs, Biwott, H. & Kenya International Institute of Legal Affairs. (2013). Agriculture Sector Functional Analysis: A Policy, Regulatory and Legislative Perspective. |
|
[38] | Njuki, J. & Sanginga, P. (2013). Gender and Livestock: Key Issues, Challenges and Opportunities. In: Women, Livestock Ownership and Markets. Bridging the Gender Gap in Eastern and Southern Africa. Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY & International Devlopment Research Centte, Ottawa, Canada. |
|
[39] | Nyagaka, D. O., Obare, G. A., Omiti, J. M. & Nguyo, W. (2010). Technical Efficiency in Resource Use: Evidence from Smallholder Irish Potato Farmers in Nyandarua North District, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (11), 1179-1186. |
|
[40] | Schaffnit-Chatterjee.(2014). Agricultural Value Chains in Sub Saharan Africa. From a Development Challenge to a Business Opportunity. Current Issues: Emerging Markets. Deusche Bank Research. Germany. Retrieved from http://www.dresearch. com on 23/2/2014. |
|
[41] | Seguino, S. & Were, M. (2013). Gender, Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Plenarry Paper prepared for presentation at the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Bi-annual Research Workshop, Dec. 2-52012, Arusha, Tanzania. |
|
[42] | Stufftung, H. B. (2011). Perspectives. Political analysis and commentary from Africa: Food Security in Africa. Heinrich Böll Foundation, Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa. |
|
[43] | Waithaka, J. (2012). The Kenya Wildlife Service in the 21st Century: Protecting Globally Significant Areas and Resources; Historical Factors that Shaped Wildlife Conservation in Kenya. The George Wright Forum, 29 (1), 21-29. |
|
[44] | Wallace, G. & Hill, C. (2007). Development of Techniques to Reduce Farmer-Wildlife Conflict Associated with Crop-Raiding in Masindi District, Uganda. The Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation. |
|
[45] | World Bank. (2012). Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. |
|